Republic of ancient India

Republic of ancient India
In ancient India, the Republic was the state in which there was no dynasty the traditional king. In these states, the entire power of the state was in the hands of the people. Kautilya has written in economics that every person in the Republicans considered himself a king. Was neither big nor equal. In order to run governance and government, qualified representatives and individuals were selected. According to Buddhist literature, the sixth century East India was the Low Republic of India-

(1.) Kapilavastu's Shakya republic - This state was in the foothills of the Himalayas on the border of Nepal. The Shakya people of this region were Ikshwanku or Suryavanshi Kshatriyas. Their capital was Kapilavastu.This Republic had 80,000 families of Shakya.It is very republic Was progressive.
                                         
Mahatma Buddha was born in this republic. The life of the people was very holy and virtuous. He used to have special affection in the arts and arts. They respected women very much. They used to marry their married relatives only to maintain the sanctity of their offspring and blood. Therefore, they married their Shakya Naresh Prasanjit There was a consultation council for managing the administration of the subjects whose number of members was 500.


(2.) Koliya Republic of Ramgram- This state was in the east of Shakya State. Rohini salt river was flowing between the Kolis and Sakya republics. Its water used to be used for both irrigation. The difference between the two There was a conflict between each other.


(3.) Kushinara's Republic of Malla-Gorakhpur district of the modern state of Uttar Pradesh, was the Republic of Malla.Mall people were famous for their education, art and wariness.Mallo had made special progress in the arts. Uchhelkapp, a town in his kingdom, It was famous for philosophical discussions. It was in Kushinara that the body of Buddha was there.


(4.) Bap's Republic of the Republic- There was the Pavapuri in the southern part of Gorakhpur district. Here the second branch of the mallo had established its republic. In Pava, there was a demise of Vardhaman Mahavira.


(5) The Kalam Republic of Keshput - it was a small ancient republic. It is mentioned in the Shothpath Brahman Granth and Jatak texts. The famous Guru Alar Kalam of Gautam Buddha belonged to this Republic.

(6.) Sujumargiri's Bhagga republic-this state was in eastern Uttar Pradesh. This included the area of ​​Mirzapur and its surroundings. This was also ancient state and it is mentioned in the Atriya Brahman Granth.


(7.) Viideh Republic of Mithila- This state was in Bihar. Its capital was Mithila city, which was a famous center of business and culture.

(8) Mori republic of Pipilivan-this Republic was a branch of the Republic of Saky. Some Shakya migrated to the Himalayan mountains and there they built a city called Pipilivan. In this city there was an abundance of peacocks, hence they were Morya or Maurya It was said that Chandragupta Maurya belonged to Pippalivan only.

(9) The Lichvaviya republic of Vaishali - it was in northern Bihar! Lichhavi were Kshatriyas of Ikshvaku dynasty! These were famous for their simple, simple and holy life! Their Republic was elaborate and powerful! According to Valmiki Ramayana, the son of Ikshvaku, Vaishali had settled the city of Vaishali, which was Vaishali, a great eminent, great, glorious city.The town of Basar in present-day Muzaffapur district, which is situated on the banks of river Gangak, is the remnant of ancient Vaishali! It was famous for the huge Nagar Raj Prasadas, public buildings, cheetahs, viharas, huge townshops, lion gateways etc.At that time, Vaishali, great warriors, priests, ascetics, giants, scholars used to live, in which Mahali, Mahanam, Leela Senapati, Bhaddekar and Sachchak were great men. In Vaishali, a two-storey "Kootagara" school in Shalvan named Ashram, Buddha came and stayed! The Lichchavi people were war heroes and heroic fighter.Their discipline was democratic! His representatives had a Rajya Sabha which governed the administration! There were qualities of nationalism, consensus, tolerance, harmony, respect in the Lichchavis! His Republic was famous for its prosperity, prosperity, Aishwarya, strong power and strength.

Buddhist texts, 16 Mahajanapadas mentioned in the Angutar Bodies

These Mahajanapadas written in the Buddhist Grant Thangar Bodies will be explained in detail.

(1) Anganj- The modern part of Bhagalpur and Munger district in Bihar was in the region of Mahajanapada. Champa was its capital. In the beginning, the limb was powerful district. Rajghat organ was the capital city of the state of Madhya Pradesh. It was a town in the state of Rajputa. Was famous for commerce, prosperity and prosperity. It was situated on the banks of the Champa river and the Ganges. The Champa made the boundary of the river and Magadha state. During the time of limitation, the organ in Magadha state Was inserted.


(2) Magadha - It was occupied by the Patna and Gaya districts of Bihar. The first was the establishment of the dynasty in Magadha. It was in the beginning of its capital Girviraj or Rajghat. In the beginning, Magadha kingdom was so much expanded and uplifted All the surrounding states merged it.


(3.) Kashi-Varanasi was the area of ​​this state around modern Varanasi. Varanasi city its capital Thykbuddh and vivid descriptions of Kashi Jain texts is luxurious and Dnsnpnn and powerful state Thakjan Tirthankara Parshwanath father special promotion Kashi during Emperor Thekraja Brmhdutt the Ashwsen Kashi Huikkashi and on the mutual struggle to limit expansion in skills Thekflta Kashi diminished state power that has been dissolved in the skills of the state.


(4.) Kaushal- It was included in the area of ​​modern Awadh. Its capital was Shravasti. Kaushal Empire was divided into two parts by the river Ru - Northern Skills and Vocational Skills. The capital of the northern part was Shravasti and the southern part of the capital Kushavati. Shravasti Being located on famous commercial routes, was the center of trade, trade and prosperity.Skill and conflict of Kashi and Kashi was traditional. As a result, Narsa Kans dissolved Kashi in his kingdom. During Empress, the Emperor of skill was present. Expecting to marry Shakya Kanya, the marriage of Prasanjitta got married to Shakyadasi Kanya Vasavkhatia. And his sister was married to Emperor Bimbisar of Magadha. Ajitashtru and Prasanjit, the successor to Bimbisar Interpretation of the mutual conflict and war is available in many texts.The family life of the emperor Prasenjit was distressing and unstable. Prasenjit used to go to Buddha for the purpose of attaining peace and knowledge. There was a tremendous reverence and devotion of Prasangitita towards Buddha. In the absence of Prasangjit, the skill was revolutionized and evoked from Vasavakhatiya The son Bhitudumbh (Vraksh) is declared the emperor.Constrained by this, Prasanjit went to Rajghat to get help from Ajatshatru, but outside of the city, Prasanjit died in peace. After peace, the peace of the skill diminished and Magadha merged the skill into his state.


(5) The capital of Watts-Watts was Koshambi which was about 38 miles away from modern Prayag. Koshambi was a famous city of culture and trade. During the Buddhist period of 6th century BC, Udayan was the famous king of Vats. King Ajatshatru of Magadha and King Chand Pradithat of Avanti had to fight. He had established a marriage with a child.Chand Pradotote took him captive, but Udyan escaped from there. Later, the daughter of Praddott, Vasavadatta and Udayan got married. Udyan has made this kind of marriage in front of the rising kingdom of Magadha and Avanti, make up your Koshambi or Vatsa kingdom. He was a skilled commander and warlike monarch. He built many strong fortresses on the border of his kingdom.He was more interested in the cheat. Initially, he was against Buddhism, but later he had adopted Buddhism due to the teachings of monk Pindol Bharadwaj. He was contemporary of Buddha. His successor was Buddhist. Vadhas state after Buddha Has fallen.

(6.) Kuru-This state was extended to the border region of present day Delhi and Meerut. Indraprastha was its capital. At this time Kuru had no value, prestige and significance as it was in the Vedic era. This state has its own conduct, virtue and devotion It was famous for the beginning. In the beginning, there was a rule of rule in Kuru, but here in the era the Republican rule was established. This was a republic in the Buddhist era. Here a feudal son Utm learned from the Buddha.

Magadha's rise and various stages of its imperialism

According to Devadatta Ramkrishna Bhandarkar, the most important political event of Buddha's life was the rise of four states in India. These were the kingdoms-Koshambi (Vatsa), Avanti, Kaushal and Magadha. Their states have the right to take possession of neighbors land according to the policy of spread Had its origins. Its outcome was a mutual struggle, in the end, the emergence of a powerful empire of Magadha alone.The expansion of Magadha kingdom was in Patna and Gaya districts situated in the southern part of present Bihar. In it were the Ganges and the Son rivers respectively in the north and west, there were the Vindhya mountain ranges in the south and the Champa river in the east. Its first capital, Girivraj or Rajghar The other name was Magadhpur, Vrindrathpur, Vasumati, Kushagrapur and Bimbisarpuri. In the literary literature, the land of Magadha has been called Upavanana.

                         
Its political power and influence have been adorned by the Rajkul of Vadrith. This Rajakul ended in the sixth century BC. Jarsangh, the son of Vrindh, who was the hero of many exaggerated performances, was a powerful king. When Buddha preached his religion It was then that Magadha was ruled by Vibijarsar of Harikk Kul, meaning that the Rajkul was finished.

Mahajanapad era

The eighth century BC was the Mahajanapad era of the sixth century BC. The mention of sixteen Mahajanapadas in Buddhist and Jain texts and mythology is mentioned-

1.Ang 2.Magadha 3.Kashi 4.Kaushal


5.Watts 6.Kuru 7.Panchal 8.Matasya


9.Shursen 10.Avanti 11.Gandhar 12.Kamboj


13.Chedi 14.Ashmak 15.Vajji 16.Malla




Magadha was a special place in ancient Indian history. In the sixth century BC, Magadha was one of the 16 Mahajanapadas of northern India. The powerful emperors of Magadha established a vast empire through their triumphs. They established Magadha on all Northern India The kingdom of Magadha was established. In this way Magadha had been the center of political activity of northern India for many centuries. Twpuarn State was not called Southern Bihar, Magadha on that era.

By the late nineteenth, the base of the Aryan kingdoms was known. They used to be groups of people of the family. In the beginning of the Vedic era these people used to roam from one place to another. After the post-natal period these people started settling permanently. They established their power on the villages and on the adjoining lands of their residence. These states were now called as the district. Then, in these districts places the feeling of border expansion.As the result they started to fight in neighboring states.In this way these districts grew and called the "Mahajanapada".

The destruction of the Indus civilization

Due to the destruction of Indus Civilization

This advanced and excellent civilization was destroyed. It is believed that Mohanjodaro was a big city of 5,000 years BC, which was restored at least seven times and re-rested seven times. Though the folds have been digged, but Mortimer Wheeler believes that even more civilizations can prove to be below it. Certainly not yet discovered about the destruction of Indus Civilization.

It is estimated that the cities of Mohangodaro and Harappan were destroyed and destroyed in the year 2500 BC. Many reasons for the destruction of this civilization have to be such that the severe floods in the Indus river, changing the route of the Indus river and the area of ​​Indus Civilization Due to making desert, unusual changes in climate, change of attitude of seasonal winds, due to rain work, this civilization gradually covered in tilo, severe earthquake and foreign invasions Received more.

According to Colombo, "the decline of the Indus Civilization was due to the continuation of the agricultural system." They said that due to the change of the rivers, the irrigation system got stuck and the harbors were wasted.

Revolutionary climate change According to the Indus Valley Dr.Rajbli Pandey and was destroyed civilization to divert the Indus River. Some scholars suggest that the arrival and invasion of Aryans destroyed the Indus Valley civilization, because here the people were loving gentry have not received any detailed information of this civilization are found as remnants of militant Theksindhu civilization based on Nor is there any text of this civilization available, nor has its script been read to this day.

People of Indus Civilization

                                      

There is a great difference between scholars in relation to the makers of the Indus Civilization.
According to Sir John Marshall, the makers of Indus Civilization were the people of Dravid caste.
According to Prof. Gardan Child, the makers of Sindhu Civilization were Sumerian people.

According to Lakshman Swaroop, Ramchandran, Shankaranand, Dikshitar and Pusalkar, the makers of the Indus Civilization were the Aryans. Some scholars believe that the creation of the Indus Civilization was formed by mixing many castes. Among these tribes, Adi-Austrian, Mediterranean, Mangolin and Alpine were notable. Therefore, it can not be said rightly about who was the creator of Indus Civilization.

                                        

Expansion area of ​​Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization)

Expansion area of ​​Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization was not limited to the Indus Valley, but it was extended to Afghanistan, Biluchistan, Sindh (Gujarat), Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Meerut. Remains of Indus Civilization Mohanjodaro and Harappa, in Punjab, Ropar of Ambala district Mithathal, Banwali and Ashigarh of Sanghol, Haryana, Rangpur and Lothal in Saurashtra, Kalibanga in Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan, Hastinap of Meerut district in Uttar Pradesh Kur and Alamgirpur, Pakistan's Kotdiji and Amri and Baluchistan etc.

It can be said that Sindhu civilization was spread in the northern part of Biluchistan, the North West Frontier Province, Punjab, Sindh, Kathiawar, Rajasthan and Ganga Valley.

Area of ​​Indus Valley Civilization

Indus is a major river of India that originates from the Himalayas and falls in the Arabian Sea from Punjab and Sindh region. A river which is located both the river and the river that is irrigated by that river is called the valley. Indus Valley refers to both the spreading region of the Indus and its tributaries.


The remains of this civilization were first of all in Montgomery of Punjab
It was found in the district of Harappa, hence it is called the Harappan civilization.
Later the relics of this civilization were found in the entire Indus Valley region.
So, considering its expansion, most scholars
He called it the civilization of the Indus Valley and today this civilization is famous by this name.

Harappa civilization's time

The time of Harappan civilization (Indus Valley Civilization)
Harappa civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in the world. This civilization was developed in the states of the Indus River and its tributaries. Some scholars, its time is 1000 years BC Some scholars say that its time is 2500 BC. Believe it.

Dr. Rajbali Pandey's period of 5000 BC Is forbidden.
Dr. C.L. The time of this civilization from Frei 2800 to 2500 BC Is forbidden.
Dr. Frankfurt has its period of 2800 BC and Dr. Dharmapal Aggarwal has told the time of this civilization from 2300 BC to 1750 BC on the basis of the Radiocarbon-14 test system.
Although there is a difference of opinion among the scholars regarding the rise of Indus Civilization, but there is no doubt that it is one of the oldest civilizations in the world.

India's oldest civilization

Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization)
From today about 5000 years ago, a beautiful and prosperous civilization erupted in the Indus and its tributaries and valleys, the Indus Valley Civilization erupted.

                            


The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the four ancient civilizations of the world. The development of these civilizations-
1. In the valleys of Indus and its tributaries in India.
2. On the banks of the Nile in Africa
3. In Mesopotamia, on the cascades of Dajla and Farhat rivers
4. In China, there is the Yang Tianyakyang rivers around.

The Greek civilization probably came from some delay in comparison to these four civilizations. In its ancient context, the discovery of the Indus Valley begins with the history of well-settled civilization and culture of India beginning with the Indus Valley.